BRICS Summit | brics countries|brics summit list| brics members | brics sumit history and Main Events

 BRICS Summit: History and Main Events

The BRICS Summit is an annual meeting of the Heads of State or Government of the five nations of BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Such summits represent the highest level of inter-state exchange on issues pertaining to the development of the world and have become an important occasion in economic, political, and social cooperation among the states that are participants of the organization.

1. The First BRICS Summit (2009) – Yekaterinburg, Russia

BRICS summits

The first ever official BRICS summit came into being in Yekaterinburg, Russia in June 2009. That was actually the first time that the leaders of the BRICS countries formally met and was initiated to hold summits annually.

Key Focus: The summit discussed the global financial crisis of 2008 and reforms of international financial institutions, such as the IMF and World Bank, so that these bodies may finally reflect the weight of emerging economies in global economic governance.

 2. Second BRICS Summit, 2010 – Brasília, Brazil

 In 2010,  Brazil hosted the second BRICS summit on  April 2010.

This focus would therefore be on economies of cooperation and financial reform on a global scale, but within these broad discussions on security in the world, climate change, and all-around development of additional trade and investment relations by the BRICS countries.

 

 3. Third BRICS Summit (2011) – Sanya, China

China hosted the third summit on  April 2011.

 Thematic Priority: The summit was opened to the creation of the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB), a decision to set up a multilateral development bank to fund infrastructural and development projects. This is partially as a way of encouraging change in financial systems dominated by the West.

 

 4. Fourth BRICS Summit (2012) – New Delhi, India

 India was the destination country of the fourth summit that was held in March 2012.

Thematic Focus: The key theme was of  sustainable development, energy security, and climate change. The leaders also decided on the formation of the BRICS Business Council to enhance the economic as well as business relations.

 5. Fifth BRICS Summit (2013) – Durban, South Africa

 The fifth summit was hosted by South Africa in  March 2013

 becoming the first time that the group of BRIC had allowed South Africa to be an integral part of the group.

 Top Agenda The agenda of the summit included discussions on economic development, Africa's growth, and closer South-South cooperation. Another achievement included the formal establishment of the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB).

 

 6. Sixth BRICS Summit 2014 - Fortaleza, Brazil

 The sixth summit was convened during the July 2014 calendar in the state of Brazil.

 Key Focus: The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) was launched-a multilateral reserve pool to protect oneself against financial shocks or crisis. Leaders also decided on deeper cooperation between BRICS in trade, security, and investment.

 7. Seventh BRICS Summit (2015) - Ufa, Russia

   It was held by Russia in July 2015

Key Focus: Regional Security and cooperation at the global governance level. The group also discussed the role of the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) and strengthening cooperation in the energy secto

 8. Eighth BRICS Summit (2016) – Goa, India

  India will host the eighth summit in October 2016.

 Key Focus: The focus was on inclusive growth, operations against terrorism, and regional security, with special attention to the Indo-Pacific region and the South China Sea.

   

 9. BRICS Ninth Summit (2017) – Xiamen, China

  In September 2017, the summit was hosted by China.

It discussed largely world trade, innovation, and cooperation in technologies. They welcomed the BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PNIR) aimed at promoting digital economy as well as industrial revolution 4.0.

- Thematic focus areas : Trade and investment cooperation, sustainable development, and deepening the BRICS partnership with Africa. The summit highlighted the importance of multilateralism and the need for change in the global governance framework.

 10. Tenth BRICS Summit (2018) – Johannesburg, South Africa

The Summit was held in July 2018 in South Africa.

Key Focus: Cooperation in trade and investment, sustainable development, and strengthening cooperation with Africa within the BRICS framework. It positioned the summit as one that reiterated the importance of multilateralism and further underlined the imperative to reform the governance of global processes.

 11. The eleventh BRICS Summit, 2019-Brazil, Brasília

  It took place with Brazil as the chair in November 2019. 

 Key Focus: The summit concentrated on economic growth, trade agreements, and the role of BRICS in global governance in global issues like climate change and counterterrorism. The leaders reaffirmed the commitment to a reformed global trade system.

12. Twelfth BRICS Summit (2020) – Virtual (COVID-19 Pandemic) 

 The summit took place virtually in December 2020 with Russia as its chair.

 High on the agenda was the gloabal response to COVID-19, economic revival, and digitalisation. It was demanded that there be an international cooperation on vaccine distribution, economic stimulus packages, and strengthening the multilateral trading system.

13.  Thirteenth BRICS Summit (2021) – Virtual

   The summit, as usual in the past years, was held virtually in December 2021, with India hosting the summit that year.

- Key Priority Focus: Post-pandemic recovery, climate change, Renewable energy and inclusive growth

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14. Fourteenth BRICS Summit ( 2022) – Beijing, China (Virtual)

  Held virtually by China in 2022

 Key Focus: Those considered for reforms in global institutions, strong financial cooperation, multilateral relations with trade and broadening its influence concerning global health and digital transformation.

15. fifthent BRICS Summit (2023) – Johannesburg, South Africa

 The 15th summit was held in South Africa in August 2023.

 Key Discussion Points: Expanding BRICS and future cooperation on reforming the new global governance and economic cooperation. Questions were raised regarding de-dollarization and the expansion of trade in local currencies.

  

 Economic Gains and Profits of BRICS

BRICS as an entity has taken giant steps to become an economic cooperative force with collective bargaining in international forums. The economic advantages of the BRICS group can be formulated into the following points:

1. Market access and trade growth:

- The BRICS countries account for the majority of international trade. Harmonization of trade policies effectively opens up the market for all the BRICS countries and reduces trade barriers.

The BRICS countries have encouraged trade diversification as they strengthened their currencies in international transactions and are promoting their use in international transactions.

2. Investment and Infrastructure:

The New Development Bank (NDB) has allowed BRICS to present an opportunity for financing mega-infrastructure projects, especially in the developing world, and there is a direct economic benefit through enhanced infrastructural components such as energy, transportation, and telecommunications.

 The Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) empowers BRICS countries to prepare contingency measures to regulate financial volatility and attacks on currencies through access to immediate liquidity.

3. Alternative to Western Financial Institutions:

 NDB and CRA are institutions that are helping the BRICS countries, in their collective efforts, to build a financial system which is less dependent on IMF and World Bank institutions that are preponderantly dominated by the West. It is critically important for global South as these institutions offer alternative access to financial capital not tangled with conditionalities regarding loans provided by Western institutions.

4. Joint Research and Technology:

BRICS countries have collaborated on areas such as science and technology, healthcare, and green energy. Utilizing concerted resources and know-how, it has targeted solving global issues-global warming, poverty, health crises, including distribution of COVID-19 vaccines.

   

5. De-dollarization Drive:

 BRICS countries have been studying ways to reduce dependence on the dollar, which is the internal currency they are going to use between themselves for exchange. In the long term, this was also seen as economically positive for maintaining the economic independence of BRICS countries.

6. Cultural and Education Exchange:

    There is cultural exchange and cooperation in terms of education among member states that can further strengthen bonds and understanding.

Conclusion

Expansion and Future Prospect of BRICS

But within the last few years, the interest towards the expansion of BRICS has mounted. Countries like Argentina, Indonesia, Turkey, and Egypt have shown keen interest with BRICS membership. In fact, at the 2023 Johannesburg Summit, discussions on the expanded membership are under discussion. An expanded BRICS would be a more pronounced influence in the world affairs, especially in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.

Areas of Future Concentration:

1. Reform global governance: Continue to strive for the reform of international institutions (UN Security Council, IMF, World Bank) for more balanced representation of emerging economies' voices.

2. Economic Cooperation: Strengthening of financial institutions in the NDB, and much more projects that can be undertaken immediately in the best interest of member countries, especially infrastructure and technology issues.

3. Geopolitical Impact: BRICS increasingly is looking for an alternative to the US-led West, toward multipolarity in world politics, mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

US Election 2024 | U.S. presidential election | U.S. presidential election history |

 U.S. presidential election history is interestingly one of the reflection aspects of America's political, social, and economic development. Here's a short historical overview from the early start of the U.S. presidential election to date.

 1. The Beginning: 1789 – 1824 

The first presidential election was held  the United States.1789 George Washington unanimously won the presidency, while John Adams won the position of vice president. He went on to be re-elected for two terms in 1792.

- The elections of this period were very simple in that only landowning white men could vote. No formal political parties existed yet, but factions began to take place between the Federalists, with Alexander Hamilton as their leader, and the Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson.

- **1824**: This was the first election that was contested and, therefore, no candidate managed to win a majority in the Electoral College. In a popular vote, Andrew Jackson won, but lost to John Quincy Adams the presidential seat since the former eventually lost to the latter after the election was decided by the House of Representatives.

2. The Emergence of the Political Parties: 1828 – 1860

- The **1828** election was one of the most fiercely contested to date, as Andrew Jackson outvoted John Quincy Adams. This victory marked the beginning of the Democratic Party and also of a two-party system within the U.S., as the Whigs emerged as the principal opposition.

- This period also witnessed an expansion of suffrage: most states adopted universal white male suffrage, thus dramatically expanding the electorate.

- The **1860** election was one of the most critical in U.S. history. Abraham Lincoln's victory led to the secession of Southern states and the start of the Civil War.

 3. Civil War and Reconstruction: 1864 – 1896

It occurred, of course, that Abraham Lincoln was re-elected during the Civil War in the election of **1864**. His leadership at the critical moment in national crisis served to preserve the Union altogether, but his assassination at the hands of John Wilkes Booth in 1865 had far-reaching implications for political change.

The closest presidential contest in U.S. history is probably the 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden, with Tilden ultimately emerging victorious, but only after a special electoral commission counted disputed votes in several Southern states.

This was a period of industrialization, immigration, and machine politics; thus, the parties defined their major roles with greater specificity: the Democrats and the Republicans.

4. The early 20th century

The early 20th century  was characterized by the most dramatic changes in the political and social aspects of the United States. The **1900s** were also during the progressive reforms of the period under Theodore Roosevelt, during which he helped establish national parks, regulate monopolies, and promote social justice issues.

- The first national election in which women were allowed to vote occurred in 1920. That year, the 19th Amendment had only recently been ratified. In 1920, Warren G. Harding was elected; the years that followed would be the "Roaring Twenties," a decade of unprecedented prosperity. In the 1930s, the Great Depression took place.

- The **1932** election of Franklin D. Roosevelt marked the beginning of the New Deal period, during which the federal government began to take an active role in economic recovery and social welfare programs.

 5. Middle 20th Century: 1940s–1960s

- After the death of Roosevelt in 1945, Harry S. Truman took over and then won, in an open-and-shut affair, the **1948** election over Thomas Dewey. World War II and early Cold War years were defining factors.

- The 1960 election of John F. Kennedy against Richard Nixon was also historic as it marked the first time that presidential debates were televised, which was a determining factor in the narrow win of Kennedy.

   - The Civil Rights Movement characterized the 1960s. Lyndon B. Johnson, who became president after the assassination of Kennedy, was able to pass landmark civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

6. The Late 20th Century: 1970s – 1990s

- The 1972 election was a landslide one for Richard Nixon, but Nixon's presidency was marred by the Watergate scandal, which led to his resignation in 1974.

- The **1980** election brought Ronald Reagan to power, ushering in the era of conservative dominance in U.S. politics. His presidency was characterized by economic policies favoring tax cuts, deregulation, and a strong stance against the Soviet Union.

The presidency in the **2000s** belonged to George W. Bush, a second Republican who came to power on the message of hope for nine years of two consecutive terms. Those years spent much time with some deregulation, national security, and establishing standard time in America. These saw the initiation of housing and financial crisis in his last term of presidency and handed the responsibility to the then rising figure, Barack Obama.

- In 2000, George W. Bush and Al Gore contested the closest election in U.S. history, with a Supreme Court decision settling the outcome on a disputed count of votes in Florida.

- 2008: Barack Obama is elected as the first African American president. His term was filled with hope and change as he promised it, along with his major legislation that is popularly known as "Obamacare," or the Affordable Care Act.

- The **2016** election was one of the most divisive in modern history. Donald Trump, a Republican and political outsider, defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in an Electoral College upset despite Clinton winning the popular vote.

In **2020**, Joe Biden won a highly polarized presidential election against incumbent Donald Trump, with issues surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, racial justice protests, and economic recovery dominating the campaign. Following his victory, Joe Biden encountered the event that made January 6, 2021, part of U.S. history - the Capitol riot.

 Key Trends and Changes:

**Voting Rights**: Another critical aspect of American elections is the extension of voting rights. End Quite a few sweeping changes of voting rights include laws that banned slavery (13th Amendment, 1865), gave black American men their right to vote (15th Amendment, 1870), gave women the right to vote (19th Amendment, 1920), and lowered the voting age to 18 (26th Amendment, 1971).

Major Traits: Polarization of Politics American elections in recent decades have become steadily more polarized, drawing on cleavages that divide the Democratic and Republican parties over healthcare, immigration, and climate change - among other issues.

- **Technology and Media**: Media, from radio and television to social media, have dramatically altered U.S. elections. Television debates in the 1960s and the rise of digital media in the 21st century have reshaped campaigning, messaging, and voter engagement.

Each election built upon the lessons and legacies of the past, shaping future political movements and altering the priorities of the American electorate.

|USA, America,United State of America | interesting facts in the United States | USA history to the present day |

 There are so many pretty interesting facts in the United States, from its history to the present day. Some of these are:

1. U.S. is the third biggest country in the world.

The United States is the third largest country by land area after Russia and Canada. It spans over 3.8 million square miles, with all kinds of landscapes like deserts, mountains, forests, and lakes.

2. The U.S. Economy is the largest in the world.

- The US has the biggest economy worldwide with a nominal GDP of almost $25 trillion. Its advanced technological innovation, finances, and leading role across the globe distinguish it as the best and most promising economic system to date.

3. US consists of 50 states

The country has 50 states. Each state is different, having its government, culture, and laws. Alaska is the largest by area but California is the most populated state in the country.

4. The United States houses the biggest military force in the world

- The U.S. military is one of the greatest in the world with the annual budget being an incredible defense spending outflanking any other place or state: it was way higher than the successive of any other country combination;.

 5. National Parks Galore

Among 400 national parks, national monuments, and national historic areas, the following are famous: Yellowstone National Park, Grand Canyon, Yosemite, and Great Smoky Mountain National Park.

6. The US invented the airplane

In the year 1903, the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, made history by successfully flying the world's first powered, controlled, and sustained flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

7. The U.S. speaks a lot of languages.

- Although English is the most widely spoken language in the U.S., the country is one of the most linguistically diverse in the world. In fact, more than 350 languages are spoken, among them Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog, and Vietnamese.

 8. The U.S. Has the Most Billionaires

- There is the country where there is the highest number of billionaires; currently, the estimates are over 700 people of the U.S. worth more than a billion.

 9. The U.S. Is the Land of Immigrants 

- The U.S. has a long history of immigration. In fact, 15% of the population in the U.S. is foreign-born, and immigrants have significantly contributed to the cultural, economic, and social fabric of the country.

10. The first nation to land on the moon was the United States

It was through NASA's Apollo 11 in 1969 that the U.S. finally reached the moon and landed its first man. History was marked at this juncture of time with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin as they became the first men walking on the moon's surface.

11. The U.S. is the leader in global pop culture

     

Hollywood is the entertainment capital in the world. The number of movies, TV, music, and social networks that originated from the United States tops the rest globally, making it a huge base for pop culture influence in global population.

12. United States boasts the highest quantity of billion-dollar startups.

       

Silicon Valley, in California, is home to most of the world's biggest tech companies, such as Google, Apple, Facebook, and Tesla. It is still a paradise for entrepreneurs; for example, the country owns the biggest "unicorn" startups, valued at $1 billion and more. 13. Most Nobel Laureates live in the United States. -The most Nobel Prize winners have come from the United States. Most of these Nobel Prizes have been in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, and economics. More than 400 Americans have received a Nobel Prize since its establishment in 1901. ### 14. America's "Firsts" in Civil Rights - The United States was the first country to establish a Bill of Rights, which has played a huge role in movements around the globe for civil rights, women's suffrage, and racial equality. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, led by leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., had such a strong impact on the U.S. and around the world. ### 15. **The United States Experiences Some of the World's Most Intense Weather** It has the weather from all different extremes, ranging from the Midwestern tornadoes to the hurricanes that hit along the Eastern Seaboard, from California's fires to North's blizzards. Not to forget, there is the world's largest percentage of most active volcanoes and the earthquake zones around it, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire. --- These facts are just a small glimpse into the vast history and culture of the United States. If you’re interested in more detailed info about any specific topic, let me know!